Post by FEZZILLA on Dec 7, 2020 3:21:00 GMT
🌎Isaiah 40:22 - Proper Exegesis
Atheists and their flat earth sidekicks are still using the false and very well refuted argument that claims the "circle" in Isaiah 40:22 can only refer to a 2D flat circle and therefore, they say, Isaiah 40:22 teaches flat earth. So here you will see how poorly atheists and flat earthers interpreted the verse. We will examine the verse from all top scholars, ancient and modern.
▪️Contents:
🌎Hebrew Masoretic Text
🌎Isaiah 40:22, Hebrew Lexicon Exegesis
✅The English Definition of Great Circle
🌎Bible Commentaries
🌎Isaiah 40:22 -- 4th century Latin Vulgate
🌎Isaiah 40:22 -- Greek Septuagint (LXX)
🌎Contextual Common Sense Exegesis of Chûwg
🌎Conclusion
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🌎Hebrew Masoretic Text:
הישׁב על חוג הארץ וישׁביה כחגבים הנוטה כדק שׁמים וימתחם כאהל לשׁבת
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🌎Isaiah 40:22, Hebrew Lexicon Exegesis
"It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in" (KJV).
Now for all investigative purposes its important to know what the Hebrew word is that is translated "circle." The word is Strong's H2329 חוּג chûwg. So in actuality the verse describes the chûwg of the earth. Now when we go to the lexicons we find three English words that are there to describe a chûwg.
▪️Hebrew lexicons for H2329 חוּג chûwg
✅The New Strong’s Expanded Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible,
H2328. חוּג Chuwg, kloog; a prim. root [comp.2287]; to describe a circle:--compass."
H2329. חוּג Chuwg, khoog; from 2328; a circle:--circle, circuit, compass.".
✅Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon, H2329: "חוּג m. a circle, sphere, used of the arch or vault of the sky, Pro.8:27; Job 22:14; of the world, Isa.40:22."
www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h2329
The big question here worthy of asking is how did the Gesenius get sphere from Chuwg? I believe the Strong's already answers this question. We know just by reading the Strong's alone that there are three words used to describe chûwg.
▪️Examining the English Words Used to Describe a chuwg,
✅1. circle.
In English, a circle as we know can either be 2D flat or 3D. The word "circle" itself doesn't tell us whether its 2D or 3D? However, if indeed this circle is describing a globe that it will compass, having a circumference.
✅2. Compass.
This word is used to describe a circle that surrounds, environs, encompasses from all sides. Here is your latitude and longitude, where horizontal and vertical lines intersect. Job 26:10.
This is how we get an horizon which can only understood from living on a globe. See definition of "Horizon" from the 1828 Webster's Dictionary which is used today as a lexicon for learning the English of the KJV.
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Horizon
✅3. circuit.
While the word circuit shares much in common with a circle, it does not mean circle. It means the earth moves in a circle. This accounts for both the rotation of the earth and its circuit around the sun.
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Circuit
So if we properly account for all three words that define a chuwg we come up with a Great Circle!
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✅The English Definition of Great Circle
"A great circle is the largest possible circle that can be drawn around a sphere. All spheres have great circles."
www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-circle/
▪️From Merriam-Webster's Dictionary
"a circle formed on the surface of a sphere by the intersection of a plane that passes through the center of the sphere
specifically : such a circle on the surface of the earth an arc of which connecting two terrestrial points constitutes the shortest distance on the earth's surface between them"
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/great%20circle
▪️Great Circle defined by atheist website Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle
▪️Circle - 1828 Webster's Dictionary
"1. In geometry, a plane figure comprehended by a single curve line, called its circumference, every part of which is equally distant from a point called the center. Of course all lines drawn from the center to the circumference or periphery, are equal to each other.
2. In popular use, the line that comprehends the figure, the plane or surface comprehended, and the whole body or solid matter of a round substance, are denominated a circle; a ring; an orb; the earth.
9. Circles of altitude or almucantars, are circles parallel to the horizon, having their common pole in the zenith, and diminishing as they approach the zenith.
10. Circles of latitude, are great circles perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, passing through its poles and through every star and planet."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Circle?fbclid=IwAR14m26FYnChfZm1yAdkgxhETR0uxXTt8rOidCwdzsgUhQG0HP7M7sQ7Ftk
▪️Definition of Orb
"ORB, noun [Latin orbis.]
1. A spherical body; as the celestial orbs.
2. In astronomy, a hollow globe or sphere.
4. A circle; a sphere defined by a line; as, he move in a larger orb
5. A circle described by any mundane sphere; an orbit.
7. The eye.
8. In tactics, the circular form of a body of troops, or a circular body of troops.
The ancient astronomers conceived the heavens as consisting of several vast azure transparent orbs or spheres inclosing one another, and including the bodies of the planets.
ORB, verb transitive To form into a circle."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/orb?fbclid=IwAR12FDLgqFbHsglKza2Zs2-C4wKkHXTslW0YR0SNJVPCSNSftLYVvSkLNR0
▪️The English definition of globe
"GLOBE, verb transitive To gather round or into a circle."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/globe?fbclid=IwAR2RYbWqfs3l5v6gc50opc45FKYt8LPz6d8uVGZCP126tWXiZBLfNyqeu80
▪️The English definition of sphere
"3. An orbicular body, or a circular figure representing the earth or apparent heavens."
"4. Circuit of motion; revolution; orbit; as the diurnal sphere."
Strong's H2329, "circle" and "circuit" ✅✅
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/sphere?fbclid=IwAR2SfP7niTK_ndRiuxEcwRggZhq5_E0MN7_eIt-eVO5eUElGE4SMxvyYy9U
▪️The English definition of Round
"1. Cylindrical; circular; spherical or globular. round is applicable to a cylinder as well as to a globe or sphere. We say, the barrel of a musket is round; a ball is round; a circle is round."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/round?fbclid=IwAR3AhU83pRT1BCdVUWOW9XNtPtUEU_CnjxLs7yVjUTGhGg-VD1TNFDNDAP8
▪️The English definition of circular
"1. In the form of a circle; round; circumscribed by a circle; spherical; as, the sun appears to be circular."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Circular?fbclid=IwAR1qwHP6WvhTTo6wf3jVfvsthPgac_KkVyXj1rqLi0x6HT9QWWVUf4hlc1o
▪️The English definition of Circuit
"1. The act of moving or passing round; as the periodical circuit of the earth round the sun, or of the moon round the earth."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Circuit?fbclid=IwAR2vueCmwOVUfY3JwyqDoEAdzX-4k0xzgLKWHfeJAtypisE6DuCIRCw_F4k
So the Hebrew word chuwg means the earth is circular as a sphere is circular. The word circuit means the earth moves!
▪️The English definition of Compass
"COMPASS, verb transitive
1. To stretch round; to extend so as to embrace the whole; hence, to inclose, encircle, grasp or seize; as, to compass with the arms."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/compass?fbclid=IwAR3TWRFPKgLRx5cSvABPIANFHvjolSWggehmKvO7KBmql37CPQ_EDDnz7gY
▪️Synonyms for Sphere
Circle is a synonym for sphere.
www.thesaurus.com/browse/sphere?fbclid=IwAR2qwGshj37kofI7F_RcwWofG7wPPcKQ8o44Pd8UwVq2f6vrwrnDKHphl1s
▪️Synonyms for Orb
"sphere, ball, circle, round."
www.thesaurus.com/browse/orb?fbclid=IwAR3EPSTnd0Xc4sJeXvRjzzmRW6Gkoe3sI3SB6U9XK_vt7DXNwjjWR9464lE
Now going back to the Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon:
▪️H2329: "חוּג m. a circle, SPHERE, used of the arch or vault of the sky, Pro.8:27; Job 22:14; of the world, Isa.40:22."
✅Word: Sphere
The Great Circle of a Sphere. That's what the verse means.
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🌎Bible Commentaries:
✅Jamieson, Fausset & Brown: Commentary on the Whole Bible,
“It is he--rather, connected to the last verse, Have ye not known?--have ye not understood Him that sitteth...? (vs.26) [MAUDER]. Circle--applicable to the globular form of the earth, above which, and the vault of the sky around it, above it, He sits. For “upon” translate “above.” as grasshoppers--or locusts in His sight (Num.13:33), as He looks down from on high (Ps.33:13, 14; 113:4-6).”
✅The MacArthur Bible Commentary
"40:22 sits above the circle of the earth.
The word circle is applicable to the spherical form of the earth, above which He sits. This implies that God upholds and maintains His creation on a continuing basis (Col. 1:17; Heb.1:3). As He looks down, people seem like insects to One who has stretched and spread out the universal heavens."
✅Matthew Henry's Commentary,
"Now that which is here said of God is (1.) That he has command of all creatures. The heaven and the earth themselves are under his management: He sits upon the circle, or globe, of the earth, v. 22. He that has the special residence of his glory in the upper world maintains a dominion over the lower world, gives law to it, and directs all the motions of it to his own glory. He sits undisturbed upon the earth, and establishes it. He is still stretching out the heavens, his power and providence keep them still stretched out, and will do so till the comes that they shall be rolled together like a scroll. He spreads them out as easily as we draw a curtain to and fro, opening these curtains in the morning and drawing them close again at night. And the heaven is to this earth as a tent to dwell in; it is a canopy drawn over our heads, et quod tegit omnia coelum --- and it encircles all. --Ovid. See Ps.104:2 (2.) That the children of men, even the greatest and mightiest, are as nothing before him. The numerous inhabitants of this earth are in his eye as grasshoppers in ours, so little and inconsiderable, of such small value, of such little use, and so easily crushed. Proud men's lifting up themselves is but like the grasshopper's leap; in an instant they must stoop down to the earth again. If the spies thought themselves as grasshoppers before the sons of Anak (Num.13:33), what are we before the great God? Grasshoppers live but awhile, and live carelessly, not like the ant; so do the most men. (3.) That those who appear and act against him, how formidable soever they may be to their fellow-creatures, will certainly be humble and brought down by the mighty hand of God."
✅The Bible Knowledge Commentary (1985 Edition)
“God’s sovereign control over the world (40:21-26). 40:21-22. From His sovereign position in heaven God watches over His created universe. You (used four times in v.21) refers to people in general. The force of the first question, for example, is “Doesn’t everyone know this?” (cf. v. 28) The Lord is like a king sitting enthroned above the circle (hug, “horizon,” which is circular; cf. Job 26:10: Prov.8:27) of the earth and over His people who by comparison seem like mere grasshoppers. The heavens (the sky) are pictured as spread out like a tent for Him to live in (cf.Ps.104:2). Isaiah was not presenting a detailed idea of God’s abode. He was merely using imagery that his readers would easily understand.”
✅Henry Morris Study Bible,
“40:22 circle of the earth. Hebrew khug, translated “compassed” in Job 26:10 and “compass” in Proverbs 8:27. All three, in context, clearly refer to the spherical shape of the earth.
40:22 stretcheth out the heavens. This phrase is possibly a reference to the expanding universe, as envisioned by modern astronomers. There are numerous references in Scripture to the “stretching-out” or “spreading-out” of the heavens (space) when God created the universe. See, for example, Job 9:8; Psalm 104:2; Isaiah 42:5; 44:24; 51:13; Jeremiah 10:12. Alternatively, the “heavens” referred to here may refer simply to the atmospheric heavens, spread out like a curtain or “tent to dwell in” around a circle of the earth. This atmospheric “tent”, refracting and spreading light over the hemisphere, is sharply distinct from the darkness outside.”
✅Here is 4th century Bishop Ambrose giving a reading from Isaiah 40:22.
"And further on: 'Who sitteth upon the globe of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as locusts, who stretcheth out the heavens as an arch?' Who, then, ventures to put his knowledge in the same plane with that of God?” (St.Ambrose, "Hexameron" The Fathers Of The Church series translated by John J. Savage, p.231).
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🌎Isaiah 40:22 -- 4th century Latin Vulgate
Here we have Isaiah 40:22 from St.Jerome's Latin Vulgate:
👉 "qui sedet super gyrum terrae et habitatores eius sunt quasi lucustae qui extendit velut nihilum caelos et expandit eos sicut tabernaculum ad inhabitandum."
✅Word: gyrum (accusative singular of gȳrus)
This is the same with the Greek word gyron/gyros. The Latin gyrum is the same thing as gyrus. 68% of the word's usage means:
"round noun: globus, orbis, circulus, circlus, circes"
www.wordhippo.com/what-is/the-meaning-of/latin-word-8dce02c00388566751dfd448c6814ee23d104cb1.html?fbclid=IwAR2Nc96AbXX9vLejTnRfVhLHLb4bALFEzs-ZxMyx-LKFOoP0SzPMN5FTkao
✅Phrase: gyrum terrae (aka., gyrus terrarum).
Latin definition of gyrus terrarum:
"globe of the earth"!
www.wordhippo.com/what-is/dynamic-translation/0d5c864c6dbaf08cb4645e30a1f5ca3470d5ab1c.html?fbclid=IwAR0HBwwrx7WKv04cHa_XXkyznV5pJvzFbyLhkqIU9sEe4zR0L4u_fHnugwA
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🌎Isaiah 40:22 -- Greek Septuagint
📜Greek: 👉 "ὁ κατέχων τὸν γῦρον τῆς γῆς, καὶ οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες ἐν αὐτῇ ὡς ἀκρίδες, ὁ στήσας ὡς καμάραν τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ διατείνας ὡς σκηνὴν κατοικεῖν."
✅Word: γῦρον (gyron)
The common variant is γύρος (gyros). Both γύρος and γῦρον mean the same thing.
γύρος (gyros) means: round, circumference, rotation, circular movement, circumnavigate, ring, horizon.
These are the words that are used to describe how γύρος is understood in Greek, and how it it applied daily. Now in Isaiah 40:22 it is applied to the shape of the earth. Since γύρος is the daily term used for "round" and "rotation" there is no reason to assume that the verse is speaking about a flat earth that never rotates. But lets look at some of these word definitions to see how gyros applies to the earth.
▪️Circumnavigate
"verb transitive To sail round; to pass round by water; as, to circumnavigate the globe."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Circumnavigate?fbclid=IwAR2cEHGot5ZDbAMc7w5vYS-sEbfsu77PMNO6LLKhuei7_ECuHFMbe0dLqR4
"transitive verb
: to go completely around especially by water
circumnavigate the earth"
"Examples of circumnavigate in a Sentence
//The ship circumnavigated the world.
//the first ship to circumnavigate the globe"
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/circumnavigate?fbclid=IwAR3m6N6MlWcZPMhx41IwvKugNVFM57zmXiVFVpyu3FcCtXkGqeifUqzAfEM
▪️Horizon
"noun [Gr. to bound, a limit.] The line that terminates the view, when extended on the surface of the earth; or a great circle of the sphere, dividing the world into two parts or hemispheres; the upper hemisphere which is visible, and the lower which is hid. The horizon is sensible, and rational or real. The sensible, apparent, or visible horizon is a lesser circle of the sphere, which divides the visible part of the sphere from the invisible. It is eastern or western; the eastern is that wherein the sun and stars rise; the western, that wherein they set. The rational, true, or astronomical horizon is a great circle whose plane passes through the center of the earth, and whose poles are the zenith and nadir. This horizon would bound the sight, if the eye could take in the whole hemisphere."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Horizon?fbclid=IwAR0zXH3bWoeEQT9m7qkvMW334s4i4fLxHfei7i6VQeghvfyxWeSKotKm1cc
Christos Terzis, a Greek scholar friend of mine from Greece, was able to break down the meaning of gyron. He said: "Gyron, Gyros, Γύρος, means "round" not circle. And it can well mean the shape of a sphere, not necessarily a circle."
He went further on to say:
"Concerning Gyros...it is actually the same word used to say "circumnavigate the earth". It can mean to go around in circles too. For instance, the Hebrews went GYRO of Jericho 7 times and then it fell.
Ιt's because words in Greek change according to the use they are in. For instance: O gyros Tou gyrou - of the gyros (possessive) Ton Gyron - third person O gyre - calling out to gyros like saying Hey Mark! Come over here. It's the same word. The verse says "the one who possesses the circumference of the earth". I.e. "The whole earth".
The first O in O gyros is O (omicron). The last one in O gyre is Ω omega. The last one shows exclamation. O! gyre!
Gyros is also (and this is useful for our purposes here) rotation. You can find this meaning on this page in Greek, in the first sentence.
linkhttps://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%
%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7)?fbclid=IwAR3LfGg6ATmykBNpfcVfLwvMl--68NFL0dnBMqrH9b8qa5JjK6wAC-kCDHI
So when the earth rotates.....it is the same word in a noun γυρίζει/gyrizi.
I think the guy on the page shot himself in the leg using gyros to make his case..."
The guy he is referring to is American atheist spokesman, Richard Carrier, who shot himself in the leg for using gyros to mean flat earth.
A quick comparison of the Greek and Hebrew meanings:
▪️chûwg = circle
▪️γύρος = round
▪️chûwg = compass
▪️γύρος = circumference
▪️chûwg = circuit
▪️γύρος = rotation
As you can see the meanings of these two words convey the same definition using different English words that convey the same thing. From the Greek work gyro we get the compound word gyroscope which is an instrument used to prove the earth is round.
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🌎Common Sense Exegesis of Chûwg in Context
Chûwg is not the only word in the Old Testament that means globe. The word H8398 תֵּבֵל têbêl is used more times that chuwg and it means "the habitable globe." Here is proof that tebel means globe.
🌎Hebrew Lexicons for H8398 תֵּבֵל têbêl
Does the Bible teach both globe and flat earth? I don't think so. Tebel means "the habitable globe" while chuwg geometrically describes a globe/sphere.
In Proverbs chapter eight there are three globe earth verses.
▪️Proverbs 8:26 - têbêl
▪️Proverbs 8:27 - chûwg
▪️Proverbs 8:31 - têbêl
Do atheists and flat earthers actually believe that king Solomon is gonna say globe earth in v.26 just to say flat earth in v.27, only to turn around and say globe earth again in v.31? Seriously, nobody is that stupid! We're talking king Solomon here not some delusional street bum all strung out on drugs! Both chûwg and têbêl mean globe earth. Solomon did not contradict when writing those proverbs.
Here is more contextual evidence that supports the globe earth meaning of chuwg supported by tebel. A good example of this is found in the Tyndale Bibles. For this example I will used the 1537 Matthew's Bible.
▪️Isaiah 40:22 -- חוּג chûwg
"That he sytteth vpon the circle of the worlde, and that al the inhabytours of the worlde are in comparison of him, but as greshoppers: That he spredeth out the heauens as a coueryng, that he stretcheth them out, as a tent to dwell in"
▪️Jeremiah 51:15 -- תֵּבֵל têbêl
"Yea euen the Lorde of hostes, that wyth his power made the earthe, with hys wysedome prepared the rounde worlde, and with his discrecyon spred oute the heauens."
The last of the Tyndale Bibles is the 1568 Bishop's Bible. Here the English is more developed and nothing has changed in these two verses.
▪️Isaiah 40:22 -- חוּג chûwg
"It is he that sitteth vpon the circle of the world, whose inhabiters are in comparison of him but as grashoppers: he spreadeth out the heauens as a couering, he stretcheth them out as a tent to dwell in"
▪️Jeremiah 51:15 -- תֵּבֵל têbêl
"Yea euen the Lorde of hoastes that with his power made the earth, with his wisdome prepared the round world, and with his discretion spread out the heauens."
As you can see both words share the same context in these two verses. While têbêl can be applied to a local context, it is more often used to capture a globular meaning based on the Hebrew understanding of the world which is understood by the word of God.
The flat earth response will be to show you that têbêl means world. But world is an English word that, when applied to the whole earth and its inhabitants--the habitable globe.
Another example:
▪️Isaiah 18:3 - têbêl
▪️Isaiah 27:6 - têbêl
▪️Isaiah 24:4 - têbêl
▪️Isaiah 34:1 - têbêl
▪️Isaiah 40:22 - chûwg
The Prophet Isaiah didn't contradict himself either. Both words are used to describe a globe.
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🌎Conclusion
The Hebrew word used in Isaiah 40:22 is chûwg. The word translated "circle" is meant to describe the Great Circle of a Sphere as understood in geometry.
Isaiah was not preaching culture. He wrote down the Word of God. And God, our Creator, knows the shape of the earth He created! I knew what the "circle" in Isaiah 40:22 meant the first time I read it way back when I was 14 years old! But millennials today are so brainwashed by militant atheism they do not understand any of this and they read ancient texts as though they were reading a modern science textbook in English. If they would give respect to the texts and learn how to be fair-minded and not so full of criticism, they might just learn how to appreciate the awesome power of God through prophecy!
Atheists and their flat earth sidekicks are still using the false and very well refuted argument that claims the "circle" in Isaiah 40:22 can only refer to a 2D flat circle and therefore, they say, Isaiah 40:22 teaches flat earth. So here you will see how poorly atheists and flat earthers interpreted the verse. We will examine the verse from all top scholars, ancient and modern.
▪️Contents:
🌎Hebrew Masoretic Text
🌎Isaiah 40:22, Hebrew Lexicon Exegesis
✅The English Definition of Great Circle
🌎Bible Commentaries
🌎Isaiah 40:22 -- 4th century Latin Vulgate
🌎Isaiah 40:22 -- Greek Septuagint (LXX)
🌎Contextual Common Sense Exegesis of Chûwg
🌎Conclusion
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🌎Hebrew Masoretic Text:
הישׁב על חוג הארץ וישׁביה כחגבים הנוטה כדק שׁמים וימתחם כאהל לשׁבת
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🌎Isaiah 40:22, Hebrew Lexicon Exegesis
"It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in" (KJV).
Now for all investigative purposes its important to know what the Hebrew word is that is translated "circle." The word is Strong's H2329 חוּג chûwg. So in actuality the verse describes the chûwg of the earth. Now when we go to the lexicons we find three English words that are there to describe a chûwg.
▪️Hebrew lexicons for H2329 חוּג chûwg
✅The New Strong’s Expanded Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible,
H2328. חוּג Chuwg, kloog; a prim. root [comp.2287]; to describe a circle:--compass."
H2329. חוּג Chuwg, khoog; from 2328; a circle:--circle, circuit, compass.".
✅Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon, H2329: "חוּג m. a circle, sphere, used of the arch or vault of the sky, Pro.8:27; Job 22:14; of the world, Isa.40:22."
www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h2329
The big question here worthy of asking is how did the Gesenius get sphere from Chuwg? I believe the Strong's already answers this question. We know just by reading the Strong's alone that there are three words used to describe chûwg.
▪️Examining the English Words Used to Describe a chuwg,
✅1. circle.
In English, a circle as we know can either be 2D flat or 3D. The word "circle" itself doesn't tell us whether its 2D or 3D? However, if indeed this circle is describing a globe that it will compass, having a circumference.
✅2. Compass.
This word is used to describe a circle that surrounds, environs, encompasses from all sides. Here is your latitude and longitude, where horizontal and vertical lines intersect. Job 26:10.
This is how we get an horizon which can only understood from living on a globe. See definition of "Horizon" from the 1828 Webster's Dictionary which is used today as a lexicon for learning the English of the KJV.
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Horizon
✅3. circuit.
While the word circuit shares much in common with a circle, it does not mean circle. It means the earth moves in a circle. This accounts for both the rotation of the earth and its circuit around the sun.
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Circuit
So if we properly account for all three words that define a chuwg we come up with a Great Circle!
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✅The English Definition of Great Circle
"A great circle is the largest possible circle that can be drawn around a sphere. All spheres have great circles."
www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-circle/
▪️From Merriam-Webster's Dictionary
"a circle formed on the surface of a sphere by the intersection of a plane that passes through the center of the sphere
specifically : such a circle on the surface of the earth an arc of which connecting two terrestrial points constitutes the shortest distance on the earth's surface between them"
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/great%20circle
▪️Great Circle defined by atheist website Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle
▪️Circle - 1828 Webster's Dictionary
"1. In geometry, a plane figure comprehended by a single curve line, called its circumference, every part of which is equally distant from a point called the center. Of course all lines drawn from the center to the circumference or periphery, are equal to each other.
2. In popular use, the line that comprehends the figure, the plane or surface comprehended, and the whole body or solid matter of a round substance, are denominated a circle; a ring; an orb; the earth.
9. Circles of altitude or almucantars, are circles parallel to the horizon, having their common pole in the zenith, and diminishing as they approach the zenith.
10. Circles of latitude, are great circles perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, passing through its poles and through every star and planet."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Circle?fbclid=IwAR14m26FYnChfZm1yAdkgxhETR0uxXTt8rOidCwdzsgUhQG0HP7M7sQ7Ftk
▪️Definition of Orb
"ORB, noun [Latin orbis.]
1. A spherical body; as the celestial orbs.
2. In astronomy, a hollow globe or sphere.
4. A circle; a sphere defined by a line; as, he move in a larger orb
5. A circle described by any mundane sphere; an orbit.
7. The eye.
8. In tactics, the circular form of a body of troops, or a circular body of troops.
The ancient astronomers conceived the heavens as consisting of several vast azure transparent orbs or spheres inclosing one another, and including the bodies of the planets.
ORB, verb transitive To form into a circle."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/orb?fbclid=IwAR12FDLgqFbHsglKza2Zs2-C4wKkHXTslW0YR0SNJVPCSNSftLYVvSkLNR0
▪️The English definition of globe
"GLOBE, verb transitive To gather round or into a circle."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/globe?fbclid=IwAR2RYbWqfs3l5v6gc50opc45FKYt8LPz6d8uVGZCP126tWXiZBLfNyqeu80
▪️The English definition of sphere
"3. An orbicular body, or a circular figure representing the earth or apparent heavens."
"4. Circuit of motion; revolution; orbit; as the diurnal sphere."
Strong's H2329, "circle" and "circuit" ✅✅
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/sphere?fbclid=IwAR2SfP7niTK_ndRiuxEcwRggZhq5_E0MN7_eIt-eVO5eUElGE4SMxvyYy9U
▪️The English definition of Round
"1. Cylindrical; circular; spherical or globular. round is applicable to a cylinder as well as to a globe or sphere. We say, the barrel of a musket is round; a ball is round; a circle is round."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/round?fbclid=IwAR3AhU83pRT1BCdVUWOW9XNtPtUEU_CnjxLs7yVjUTGhGg-VD1TNFDNDAP8
▪️The English definition of circular
"1. In the form of a circle; round; circumscribed by a circle; spherical; as, the sun appears to be circular."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Circular?fbclid=IwAR1qwHP6WvhTTo6wf3jVfvsthPgac_KkVyXj1rqLi0x6HT9QWWVUf4hlc1o
▪️The English definition of Circuit
"1. The act of moving or passing round; as the periodical circuit of the earth round the sun, or of the moon round the earth."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Circuit?fbclid=IwAR2vueCmwOVUfY3JwyqDoEAdzX-4k0xzgLKWHfeJAtypisE6DuCIRCw_F4k
So the Hebrew word chuwg means the earth is circular as a sphere is circular. The word circuit means the earth moves!
▪️The English definition of Compass
"COMPASS, verb transitive
1. To stretch round; to extend so as to embrace the whole; hence, to inclose, encircle, grasp or seize; as, to compass with the arms."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/compass?fbclid=IwAR3TWRFPKgLRx5cSvABPIANFHvjolSWggehmKvO7KBmql37CPQ_EDDnz7gY
▪️Synonyms for Sphere
Circle is a synonym for sphere.
www.thesaurus.com/browse/sphere?fbclid=IwAR2qwGshj37kofI7F_RcwWofG7wPPcKQ8o44Pd8UwVq2f6vrwrnDKHphl1s
▪️Synonyms for Orb
"sphere, ball, circle, round."
www.thesaurus.com/browse/orb?fbclid=IwAR3EPSTnd0Xc4sJeXvRjzzmRW6Gkoe3sI3SB6U9XK_vt7DXNwjjWR9464lE
Now going back to the Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon:
▪️H2329: "חוּג m. a circle, SPHERE, used of the arch or vault of the sky, Pro.8:27; Job 22:14; of the world, Isa.40:22."
✅Word: Sphere
The Great Circle of a Sphere. That's what the verse means.
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🌎Bible Commentaries:
✅Jamieson, Fausset & Brown: Commentary on the Whole Bible,
“It is he--rather, connected to the last verse, Have ye not known?--have ye not understood Him that sitteth...? (vs.26) [MAUDER]. Circle--applicable to the globular form of the earth, above which, and the vault of the sky around it, above it, He sits. For “upon” translate “above.” as grasshoppers--or locusts in His sight (Num.13:33), as He looks down from on high (Ps.33:13, 14; 113:4-6).”
✅The MacArthur Bible Commentary
"40:22 sits above the circle of the earth.
The word circle is applicable to the spherical form of the earth, above which He sits. This implies that God upholds and maintains His creation on a continuing basis (Col. 1:17; Heb.1:3). As He looks down, people seem like insects to One who has stretched and spread out the universal heavens."
✅Matthew Henry's Commentary,
"Now that which is here said of God is (1.) That he has command of all creatures. The heaven and the earth themselves are under his management: He sits upon the circle, or globe, of the earth, v. 22. He that has the special residence of his glory in the upper world maintains a dominion over the lower world, gives law to it, and directs all the motions of it to his own glory. He sits undisturbed upon the earth, and establishes it. He is still stretching out the heavens, his power and providence keep them still stretched out, and will do so till the comes that they shall be rolled together like a scroll. He spreads them out as easily as we draw a curtain to and fro, opening these curtains in the morning and drawing them close again at night. And the heaven is to this earth as a tent to dwell in; it is a canopy drawn over our heads, et quod tegit omnia coelum --- and it encircles all. --Ovid. See Ps.104:2 (2.) That the children of men, even the greatest and mightiest, are as nothing before him. The numerous inhabitants of this earth are in his eye as grasshoppers in ours, so little and inconsiderable, of such small value, of such little use, and so easily crushed. Proud men's lifting up themselves is but like the grasshopper's leap; in an instant they must stoop down to the earth again. If the spies thought themselves as grasshoppers before the sons of Anak (Num.13:33), what are we before the great God? Grasshoppers live but awhile, and live carelessly, not like the ant; so do the most men. (3.) That those who appear and act against him, how formidable soever they may be to their fellow-creatures, will certainly be humble and brought down by the mighty hand of God."
✅The Bible Knowledge Commentary (1985 Edition)
“God’s sovereign control over the world (40:21-26). 40:21-22. From His sovereign position in heaven God watches over His created universe. You (used four times in v.21) refers to people in general. The force of the first question, for example, is “Doesn’t everyone know this?” (cf. v. 28) The Lord is like a king sitting enthroned above the circle (hug, “horizon,” which is circular; cf. Job 26:10: Prov.8:27) of the earth and over His people who by comparison seem like mere grasshoppers. The heavens (the sky) are pictured as spread out like a tent for Him to live in (cf.Ps.104:2). Isaiah was not presenting a detailed idea of God’s abode. He was merely using imagery that his readers would easily understand.”
✅Henry Morris Study Bible,
“40:22 circle of the earth. Hebrew khug, translated “compassed” in Job 26:10 and “compass” in Proverbs 8:27. All three, in context, clearly refer to the spherical shape of the earth.
40:22 stretcheth out the heavens. This phrase is possibly a reference to the expanding universe, as envisioned by modern astronomers. There are numerous references in Scripture to the “stretching-out” or “spreading-out” of the heavens (space) when God created the universe. See, for example, Job 9:8; Psalm 104:2; Isaiah 42:5; 44:24; 51:13; Jeremiah 10:12. Alternatively, the “heavens” referred to here may refer simply to the atmospheric heavens, spread out like a curtain or “tent to dwell in” around a circle of the earth. This atmospheric “tent”, refracting and spreading light over the hemisphere, is sharply distinct from the darkness outside.”
✅Here is 4th century Bishop Ambrose giving a reading from Isaiah 40:22.
"And further on: 'Who sitteth upon the globe of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as locusts, who stretcheth out the heavens as an arch?' Who, then, ventures to put his knowledge in the same plane with that of God?” (St.Ambrose, "Hexameron" The Fathers Of The Church series translated by John J. Savage, p.231).
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🌎Isaiah 40:22 -- 4th century Latin Vulgate
Here we have Isaiah 40:22 from St.Jerome's Latin Vulgate:
👉 "qui sedet super gyrum terrae et habitatores eius sunt quasi lucustae qui extendit velut nihilum caelos et expandit eos sicut tabernaculum ad inhabitandum."
✅Word: gyrum (accusative singular of gȳrus)
This is the same with the Greek word gyron/gyros. The Latin gyrum is the same thing as gyrus. 68% of the word's usage means:
"round noun: globus, orbis, circulus, circlus, circes"
www.wordhippo.com/what-is/the-meaning-of/latin-word-8dce02c00388566751dfd448c6814ee23d104cb1.html?fbclid=IwAR2Nc96AbXX9vLejTnRfVhLHLb4bALFEzs-ZxMyx-LKFOoP0SzPMN5FTkao
✅Phrase: gyrum terrae (aka., gyrus terrarum).
Latin definition of gyrus terrarum:
"globe of the earth"!
www.wordhippo.com/what-is/dynamic-translation/0d5c864c6dbaf08cb4645e30a1f5ca3470d5ab1c.html?fbclid=IwAR0HBwwrx7WKv04cHa_XXkyznV5pJvzFbyLhkqIU9sEe4zR0L4u_fHnugwA
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🌎Isaiah 40:22 -- Greek Septuagint
📜Greek: 👉 "ὁ κατέχων τὸν γῦρον τῆς γῆς, καὶ οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες ἐν αὐτῇ ὡς ἀκρίδες, ὁ στήσας ὡς καμάραν τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ διατείνας ὡς σκηνὴν κατοικεῖν."
✅Word: γῦρον (gyron)
The common variant is γύρος (gyros). Both γύρος and γῦρον mean the same thing.
γύρος (gyros) means: round, circumference, rotation, circular movement, circumnavigate, ring, horizon.
These are the words that are used to describe how γύρος is understood in Greek, and how it it applied daily. Now in Isaiah 40:22 it is applied to the shape of the earth. Since γύρος is the daily term used for "round" and "rotation" there is no reason to assume that the verse is speaking about a flat earth that never rotates. But lets look at some of these word definitions to see how gyros applies to the earth.
▪️Circumnavigate
"verb transitive To sail round; to pass round by water; as, to circumnavigate the globe."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Circumnavigate?fbclid=IwAR2cEHGot5ZDbAMc7w5vYS-sEbfsu77PMNO6LLKhuei7_ECuHFMbe0dLqR4
"transitive verb
: to go completely around especially by water
circumnavigate the earth"
"Examples of circumnavigate in a Sentence
//The ship circumnavigated the world.
//the first ship to circumnavigate the globe"
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/circumnavigate?fbclid=IwAR3m6N6MlWcZPMhx41IwvKugNVFM57zmXiVFVpyu3FcCtXkGqeifUqzAfEM
▪️Horizon
"noun [Gr. to bound, a limit.] The line that terminates the view, when extended on the surface of the earth; or a great circle of the sphere, dividing the world into two parts or hemispheres; the upper hemisphere which is visible, and the lower which is hid. The horizon is sensible, and rational or real. The sensible, apparent, or visible horizon is a lesser circle of the sphere, which divides the visible part of the sphere from the invisible. It is eastern or western; the eastern is that wherein the sun and stars rise; the western, that wherein they set. The rational, true, or astronomical horizon is a great circle whose plane passes through the center of the earth, and whose poles are the zenith and nadir. This horizon would bound the sight, if the eye could take in the whole hemisphere."
webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/Horizon?fbclid=IwAR0zXH3bWoeEQT9m7qkvMW334s4i4fLxHfei7i6VQeghvfyxWeSKotKm1cc
Christos Terzis, a Greek scholar friend of mine from Greece, was able to break down the meaning of gyron. He said: "Gyron, Gyros, Γύρος, means "round" not circle. And it can well mean the shape of a sphere, not necessarily a circle."
He went further on to say:
"Concerning Gyros...it is actually the same word used to say "circumnavigate the earth". It can mean to go around in circles too. For instance, the Hebrews went GYRO of Jericho 7 times and then it fell.
Ιt's because words in Greek change according to the use they are in. For instance: O gyros Tou gyrou - of the gyros (possessive) Ton Gyron - third person O gyre - calling out to gyros like saying Hey Mark! Come over here. It's the same word. The verse says "the one who possesses the circumference of the earth". I.e. "The whole earth".
The first O in O gyros is O (omicron). The last one in O gyre is Ω omega. The last one shows exclamation. O! gyre!
Gyros is also (and this is useful for our purposes here) rotation. You can find this meaning on this page in Greek, in the first sentence.
linkhttps://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%
%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7)?fbclid=IwAR3LfGg6ATmykBNpfcVfLwvMl--68NFL0dnBMqrH9b8qa5JjK6wAC-kCDHISo when the earth rotates.....it is the same word in a noun γυρίζει/gyrizi.
I think the guy on the page shot himself in the leg using gyros to make his case..."
The guy he is referring to is American atheist spokesman, Richard Carrier, who shot himself in the leg for using gyros to mean flat earth.
A quick comparison of the Greek and Hebrew meanings:
▪️chûwg = circle
▪️γύρος = round
▪️chûwg = compass
▪️γύρος = circumference
▪️chûwg = circuit
▪️γύρος = rotation
As you can see the meanings of these two words convey the same definition using different English words that convey the same thing. From the Greek work gyro we get the compound word gyroscope which is an instrument used to prove the earth is round.
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🌎Common Sense Exegesis of Chûwg in Context
Chûwg is not the only word in the Old Testament that means globe. The word H8398 תֵּבֵל têbêl is used more times that chuwg and it means "the habitable globe." Here is proof that tebel means globe.
🌎Hebrew Lexicons for H8398 תֵּבֵל têbêl
Does the Bible teach both globe and flat earth? I don't think so. Tebel means "the habitable globe" while chuwg geometrically describes a globe/sphere.
In Proverbs chapter eight there are three globe earth verses.
▪️Proverbs 8:26 - têbêl
▪️Proverbs 8:27 - chûwg
▪️Proverbs 8:31 - têbêl
Do atheists and flat earthers actually believe that king Solomon is gonna say globe earth in v.26 just to say flat earth in v.27, only to turn around and say globe earth again in v.31? Seriously, nobody is that stupid! We're talking king Solomon here not some delusional street bum all strung out on drugs! Both chûwg and têbêl mean globe earth. Solomon did not contradict when writing those proverbs.
Here is more contextual evidence that supports the globe earth meaning of chuwg supported by tebel. A good example of this is found in the Tyndale Bibles. For this example I will used the 1537 Matthew's Bible.
▪️Isaiah 40:22 -- חוּג chûwg
"That he sytteth vpon the circle of the worlde, and that al the inhabytours of the worlde are in comparison of him, but as greshoppers: That he spredeth out the heauens as a coueryng, that he stretcheth them out, as a tent to dwell in"
▪️Jeremiah 51:15 -- תֵּבֵל têbêl
"Yea euen the Lorde of hostes, that wyth his power made the earthe, with hys wysedome prepared the rounde worlde, and with his discrecyon spred oute the heauens."
The last of the Tyndale Bibles is the 1568 Bishop's Bible. Here the English is more developed and nothing has changed in these two verses.
▪️Isaiah 40:22 -- חוּג chûwg
"It is he that sitteth vpon the circle of the world, whose inhabiters are in comparison of him but as grashoppers: he spreadeth out the heauens as a couering, he stretcheth them out as a tent to dwell in"
▪️Jeremiah 51:15 -- תֵּבֵל têbêl
"Yea euen the Lorde of hoastes that with his power made the earth, with his wisdome prepared the round world, and with his discretion spread out the heauens."
As you can see both words share the same context in these two verses. While têbêl can be applied to a local context, it is more often used to capture a globular meaning based on the Hebrew understanding of the world which is understood by the word of God.
The flat earth response will be to show you that têbêl means world. But world is an English word that, when applied to the whole earth and its inhabitants--the habitable globe.
Another example:
▪️Isaiah 18:3 - têbêl
▪️Isaiah 27:6 - têbêl
▪️Isaiah 24:4 - têbêl
▪️Isaiah 34:1 - têbêl
▪️Isaiah 40:22 - chûwg
The Prophet Isaiah didn't contradict himself either. Both words are used to describe a globe.
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🌎Conclusion
The Hebrew word used in Isaiah 40:22 is chûwg. The word translated "circle" is meant to describe the Great Circle of a Sphere as understood in geometry.
Isaiah was not preaching culture. He wrote down the Word of God. And God, our Creator, knows the shape of the earth He created! I knew what the "circle" in Isaiah 40:22 meant the first time I read it way back when I was 14 years old! But millennials today are so brainwashed by militant atheism they do not understand any of this and they read ancient texts as though they were reading a modern science textbook in English. If they would give respect to the texts and learn how to be fair-minded and not so full of criticism, they might just learn how to appreciate the awesome power of God through prophecy!
